Git_Cheat_Sheet

Set up

Git 최초 설청

See all the config

git config --list #show all the settings in gitconfig

Open config to edit

git config --global -e #open .gitconfig file

Set default editor

git config --global core.editor "code --wait" # set default text editor for git 

=> .gitconfig 파일이 열림과 동시에 다른 명령어를 수행할 수 있도록 터미널이 계속 활성화 되어져 있는데

--wait 라는 옵션을 주게되면 열어진 파일이 종료되기 이전에는 다른 명령어를 수행할 수 없음

 

User settings

git config --global user.name "name" #set user.name
git config --global user.email "email" #set user.email
git config user.name #check user.name
git config user.email #check user.email

 

Set Auto CRLF

git config --global core.autocrlf true #for Windows
git config --global core.autocrlf input #for Mac

=>운영체제마다 에디터에서 새로운 줄바꿈을 할때 들어가는 문자열이 달라지는데

-윈도우 같은경우에는 

carriage-return 과 line feed가 동시에 들어가는 반면에

-맥에서는

line feed 하나만 들어가게 됨 

이런 차이점 때문에 Git respository를 다양한 운영 체제에서 쓰는 경우에  내가 수정하지 않았음에도 불구하고

줄바꿈 문자열이 달라져서 Git history나 Git blame을 보는데 문제가 생길 수 있음 

이것을 수정할 수 있는 속성이 바로 autocrlf 설정

-윈도우에서 true로 설정하게 되면 Git에 저장할때는 carriage-return을 삭제하게 되고 다시 Git에서 가져올때는 자동으로 carriage-return을 붙여줌

-mac에서는 input으로 설정하게 되면 Git에서 받아올때는 별다른 수정이 일어나지 않지만 저장할때는 carriage-return을 삭제해줌

 

push를 할때 default를 current으로 설정하므로서 로컬에 있는 브랜치 이름이 항상 리무트와 동일하다고 설정해줘서 push를 할때 일일이 'git push --set-upstream origin master' 옵션을 작성하지 않아됨

pull 명령어는 merge와 rebase 옵션을 선택해서 동작할 수 있는데  rebase로 설정해줌

 

터미널 명령어

mkdir [폴더이름] //폴더 만들기
cd [폴더이름] //폴더로 이동하기
ls -al //폴더(디렉토리)내용 나열하기

자주쓰이는 명령어

git init //git 초기화 -> 자동으로 master 브랜치가 생성된다.
rm -rf git //git을 삭제
git status //git의 상태를 볼 수 있음
git config --global alias //터미널안에서 명령어를 단축해서 쓸 수 있게 하는 명령어
git config --global alias.st status // status를 st로 단축해서 설정해달라
git config --h //git 명령어와 명령어의 속성값을 보고싶으면 명령어 뒤에 --h를 입력하면 된다.

<깃삭제,깃초기화>

=> git이라는 디렉토리를 만들고 그안으로 들어가보면 git 폴더안에 아무런 파일이 없는데 git init 명령어를 이용해서 git을 초기화하고 ls-al로 git이라는 숨겨진 폴더가 있다는걸 알 수있다

rm-rf .git : 숨겨진 git 삭제

 

<깃프로젝트 생성>

<깃상태를 볼수있는 명령어>

git status

Git Aliases

git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.ci commit
git config --global alias.st status

Help

Git official site

https://git-scm.com/docs

See help

git config --help #detail
git config -h #short

Basic

Git init

git init #initialise git 
rm -rf .git #delete .git 

Show the working tree status

git status #full status
git status -s #short status

Git에게 맡기지 않을 것들 Ignoring Files

.gitignore 파일을 사용해서 배제할 요소들을 지정할 수 있습니다.

For example:

# ignore all .a files
*.a

# but do track lib.a, even though you're ignoring .a files above
!lib.a

# only ignore the TODO file in the current directory, not subdir/TODO
/TODO

# ignore all files in any directory named build
build/

# ignore doc/notes.txt, but not doc/server/arch.txt
doc/*.txt

# ignore all .pdf files in the doc/ directory and any of its subdirectories
doc/**/*.pdf

Staging files

git add a.txt #stage a.txt file
git add a.txt b.txt #stage a.txt, b.txt files
git add *.txt #stage all files ends with .txt 
git add * #stage all files except deleted files and files that begin with a dot
git add . #stage everything 

Modifying files

Removing files

rm file.txt #delete file
git add file.txt #add to staging area
git rm file.txt # removes file from working directory and staging area
git rm --cached file.txt #removes from staging area only
git clean -fd #removes all untracked files

Moving files

git mv from.txt to.txt
git mv from.text /logs/from.text

Viewing the Staged/Unstaged changes

git status #full status
git status -s #short status
git diff #changes in working directory
git diff --staged #changes in staging area
git diff --cached #same as --staged

Visual Diff Tool

Open .gitconfig and add below

[diff]
    tool = vscode
[difftool "vscode"]
    cmd = code --wait --diff $LOCAL $REMOTE

Run Git Diff tool

git difftool

Commit

git commit #commit stagged files
git commit -m "Commit message" #commit stagged files with commit message
git commit -am "Commit message" #commit all files with commit message

Log · History

See history

git log #list of commits 
git log --patch #shows the difference introduced in each commit
git log -p #same as --patch
git log --state #abbreviated states for each commit
git log --oneline #oneline
git log --oneline --reverse #oneline, from the oldest to the newest 

Formatting

git log --pretty=oneline #same as --oneline
git log --pretty=format:"%h - %an %ar %s" #formatting
git log --pretty=format:"%h %s" --graph #show graph
git log --graph --all --pretty=format:'%C(yellow)[%ad]%C(reset) %C(green)[%h]%C(reset) | %C(white)%s %C(bold red){{%an}}%C(reset) %C(blue)%d%C(reset)' --date=short

Filtering

git log -2 #shows only the last n commits
git log --author="ellie" 
git log --before="2020-09-29"
git log --after="one week ago"
git log --grep="message" #finds in commit messages
git log -S="code" #finds in the code
git log file.txt #logs only for file.txt

History of a file

git log file.txt #history of file.txt
git log --state file.txt #shows statistics
git log --patch file.txt #show the changes

HEAD · Hash code

git log HEAD
git log HEAD~1
git log hash

Viewing a commit

git show HEAD #shows the last commit
git show hash #shows the given commit
git show hash:file.txt 

Comparing

git diff hash1 hash2 #all changes between two commits
git diff hash1 hash2 file.txt #changes to file.txt only

Tagging

Creating

git tag v1.0.0 #lightweight tag on latest commit
git tag v1.0.0 hash #lightweight tag on the given commit
git show v.0.0 #shows the tag
git tag -a v.1.0.0 -m "message" #annotated tag

Listing

git tag #all the tags
git tag -l "v1.0.*" #search certain tags

Deleting

git tag -d v1.0.0 #delete the given tag

Syncing with Remote

git push origin v1.0.0 #sharing the given tag with remote
git push origin --tags #sharing all the tags
git push origin --delete v1.0.0 #delete a remote tag 

Checking out Tags

git checkout v1.0.0 #checkout certain tag
git checkout -b branchName v1.0.0 #create a new bracnh with the given tag 

Branch

Creating branch

git branch testing #create a new branch called testing
git checkout testing #switches to testing branch
git switch testing #same as the above
git checkout -b testing #create and switch to testing 
git switch -C testing #same as the above

Managing Branch

git branch #simple listing of all branches
git branch -r #sees the remote branches
git branch --all #list including remote branches
git branch -v #sees the last commit on each branch
git branch --merged #sees merged branches
git branch --no-merged #sees not merged branches
git branch -d testing #deletes the branch
git push origin --delete testing
git branch --move wrong correct #rename
git push --set-upstream origin correct #push new name

Comparing

git log branch1..branch2 #all the commits between branch1 and branch2
git diff branch1..branch2 #all the changes between branch1 and branch2

Merge

git merge featureA #merges featureA branch into the current one
git merge --squash featureA #suqash merge, only one commit
git merge --no-ff featureA #creates a merge commit 
git merge --continue 
git merge --abort
git mergetool #opens merge tool 

Merge tool Config

[merge]
    tool = vscode
[mergetool]
	keepBackup = false
[mergetool "vscode"]
    cmd = code --wait $MERGED
[mergetool "p4merge"]
    path = "/Applications/p4merge.app/Contents/MacOS/p4merge"

Rebasing

git rebase master #rebase current branch onto the master
git rebase --onto master service ui #take commits of the ui branch forked from the service branch and move them to master

Cherry picking

git cherry-pick hash #applies the given commit 

Stashing

Saving

git stash push -m "message" #make a new stash
git stash #same as above
git stash --keep-index #stash but keep them in the staging area
git stash -u #--include-untracked 

Listing

git stash list #see all the stashes
git stash show hash #see the given stash
git stash show hash -p #see the given stash with details 

Applying

git stash apply hash #applies the given stash
git stash apply #applies the latest stash
git stash apply --index #apply the stated changes
git stash pop #apply and drop 
git stash branch branchName #apply stash in a new branch

Deleting

git stash drop hash #deletes the given stash
git stash clear #deletes all the stashes

Undo

Local Changes

Unstaging a staged file

git reset HEAD file.txt

Unmodifying a modified file

git checkout -- file.txt

Discarding local changes

git restore --staged file.txt #unstaging a staged file
git restore file.txt #unmodifying a modified file
git restore . #unmodifying all modified files in the directory
git clean -fd #removes all untracked files

Restoring file from certain commit

git restore --source=hash file.txt
git restore --source=HEAD~2 file.txt

Commit

Amending the last commit

git commit --amend

Reset

git reset --soft HEAD #removes the commit and keep changes at staging area
git reset --mixed HEAD #removes the commit and keep changes at working directory
git reset --hard HEAD #removes the commit and don't keep the code

Undo action - reflog

git reflog
git reset --hard hash

Revert

git revert hash #reverts the given commit
git revert HEAD~1 
gut revert --no-commit hash #reverts the given commit without revert commit

Interactive Rebasing

git rebase -i HEAD~2
git rebase --continue
git rebase --abort

Remote

git clone URL #cloning
git remote -v #shows all the remote URLs
git remote add name URL #add a new remote with name

Inspecting

git remote
git remote show 
git remote show origin

Syncing with remotes

git fetch #pulls down all the data from remote 
git fetch origin #same as the above
git fetch origin master #pulls down only master branch
git pull #fetch and merge
git pull --rebase #use rebase when pulling instead of merge
git push
git push origin master 

Renaming or Removing

git remote rename sec second
git remote remove second

Tools

Basic Debugging

git blame file.txt

Bisect

git bisect start
git bisect good hash
git bisect good 
git bisect bad
git bisect reset

Config

[alias]
	s = status
	l = log --graph --all --pretty=format:'%C(yellow)%h%C(cyan)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(magenta)<%an>%Creset'
	up = !git fetch origin master && git rebase origin/master
	co = checkout
	ca = !git add -A && git commit -m 
	cad = !git add -A && git commit -m "."
	c = commit
	b = branch
  list = stash list
  save = stash save 
	pop = stash pop
	apply = stash apply
	rc = rebase —continue
	get = "!f(){ git fetch && git checkout $1 && git reset --hard origin/$1; };f"
	new = "!f(){ git co -b ellie-$1 origin/master && git pull; };f"
	st = status
	hist = log --graph --all --pretty=format:'%C(yellow)[%ad]%C(reset) %C(green)[%h]%C(reset) | %C(white)%s %C(bold red){{%an}}%C(reset) %C(blue)%d%C(reset)' --date=short